脚注

$$^1$$ Lisp 1 程序员手册在1960年面世，Lisp 1.5 程序员手册（麦卡锡，1965）在1962年出版。麦卡锡1978年描述了Lisp的早期历史。

$$^1$$ The Lisp 1 Programmer's Manual appeared in 1960, and the Lisp 1.5 Programmer's Manual (McCarthy 1965) was published in 1962. The early history of Lisp is described in McCarthy 1978.

$$^2$$ 20世纪70年代大部分重要的Lisp程序都是以两种方言写成的：MIT的MAC项目开发的MacLisp（穆恩，1978；皮特曼，1983），和博尔特、贝拉尼克和纽曼公司与施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心共同开发的Interlisp（泰特曼，1974）。Portable Standard Lisp（赫恩，1969；格里斯，1981）是一门设计用于轻易地在不同机器间移植的Lisp方言。MacLisp催生了一批子方言，例如由伯克利开发的Franz Lisp，还有基于一台在MIT人工智能实验室用于高效运行Lisp的专用处理器的Zetalisp（穆恩，1981）。本书用的Lisp方言，名叫Scheme（斯蒂尔，1975），是由MIT人工智能实验室的盖伊·刘易斯·小斯蒂尔和杰拉德·杰伊·萨斯曼在1975年发明的。之后它被重新实现，以用作教学目的。在1990年，Scheme成为了一个IEEE标准（IEEE，1990）。Common Lisp方言（斯蒂尔，1982，斯蒂尔，1990）由Lisp社区开发，用于结合早先的Lisp方言的特点，以产生一个Lisp的工业标准。Common Lisp于1994年成为了一个ANSI标准（ANSI，1994）。

$$^2$$ The two dialects in which most major Lisp programs of the 1970s were written are MacLisp (Moon 1978; Pitman 1983), developed at the MIT Project MAC, and Interlisp (Teitelman 1974), developed at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Portable Standard Lisp (Hearn 1969; Griss 1981) was a Lisp dialect designed to be easily portable between different machines. MacLisp spawned a number of subdialects, such as Franz Lisp, which was developed at the University of California at Berkeley, and Zetalisp (Moon 1981), which was based on a special-purpose processor designed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to run Lisp very efficiently. The Lisp dialect used in this book, called Scheme (Steele 1975), was invented in 1975 by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and later reimplemented for instructional use at MIT. Scheme became an IEEE standard in 1990 (IEEE 1990). The Common Lisp dialect (Steele 1982, Steele 1990) was developed by the Lisp community to combine features from the earlier Lisp dialects to make an industrial standard for Lisp. Common Lisp became an ANSI standard in 1994 (ANSI 1994).

$$^3$$其中一个这样的应用是一个具有科学重要性的计算上的突破——将先前结果拓展了近两个数量级的太阳系运动的积分，并展示了太阳系的动态是混沌的。新的积分算法、一个专用编译器和一台专用计算机使这次计算成为可能，所有这些都是在用Lisp编写的软件的帮助下实现的（阿伯尔森等人，1992；萨斯曼和威斯多姆，1992）。

$$^3$$ One such special application was a breakthrough computation of scientific importance -- an integration of the motion of the Solar System that extended previous results by nearly two orders of magnitude, and demonstrated that the dynamics of the Solar System is chaotic. This computation was made possible by new integration algorithms, a special-purpose compiler, and a special-purpose computer all implemented with the aid of software tools written in Lisp (Abelson et al. 1992; Sussman and Wisdom 1992).